Finance 3301 questions Essay Example for Free

Account 3301 inquiries Essay Broussard Skateboard’s deals are relied upon to increment by 15% from $8 million out of 2012 to $9. 2 million of every 2013. Its advantages totaled $5 million toward the finish of 2012. Broussard is as of now at full limit, so its advantages must develop at a similar rate as anticipated deals. Toward the finish of 2012, current liabilities were $1. 4 million, comprising of $450,000 of records payable, $500,000 of notes payable, and $450,000 of collections. The after-charge overall revenue is estimated to be 6%, and the determined payout proportion is 40%. Utilize the AFN condition to conjecture Brous-sard’s extra finances required for the coming year. Required increment in resources †Increase in unconstrained liabilities †Increase in held income = AFN AFN=($5/$8)*$1. 2 †($1. 4/$8)*$1. 2-$9. 2*6%*(1-40%)=0. 75 0. 21 †0. 33=21% Chapter 10 Tony Company’s monetary record shows $300 million in the red, $50 million in favored stock, and $250 million in all out basic value. Tony Company's expense rate is 40%, rd =6%,rPS =5%,andrs =10%. On the off chance that Tony Company get capital structure of 30% obligation, 5% favored stock, and 65% regular stock, what is its WACC? Wd=30% ; Wps=5%; Ws=65% WACC=Wd*rd*(1-T)+Wps*rps+ws*rs=30%*6%(1-40%)+5%*5%+65%*10%=0. 0108+0. 000125+0. 065=7. 59% What sorts of the T-securities is the best intermediary for the hazard free rate is the yield on? Answer: An A, drawn out B, transient C, No one Chapter 11 An organization makes esteem when the spread among EROIC and WACC is positiveâ€that is, when Answer: B An, EROIC ? WACC = 0 B, EROIC ? WACC 0; C, EROIC ? WACC

INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING - Essay Example Any sickness or ailment consistently intensifies with the progression old enough, and in this way it is important that the patients ought to be given appropriate treatment as and when the time is plentiful. Yet, while taking a gander at the contextual investigation of Mrs. Ivy, it is hard not to see the carelessness of different specialists and the notice of lexis, for example, â€Å"waiting list† and â€Å"Social administrations would not get included without proper†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Self-centeredness is actually an astonishing personality of an individual †My point being, since Mrs. Ivy required colossal consideration and an administrative body while she built up her Dementia, her little girl ought to have let Mrs. Ivy remain at her home instead of searching for a level or government’s care focuses. What's more, there isn't a notice of what her child accomplished for her after the part that â€Å"he lives far away†. An individual can not generally anticipate that the legislature should remain by their ‘parent’s’ side at their period of scarcity. All things considered, it is consistent to state, that the legislature can not in any way, shape or form provide food all the withering individuals. We as people ought to likewise understand our duty and along these lines her kids ought to have supported her to remain with both of them. The administration of Britain has set up different trusts and strategies to support the older (especially with mental issues, for example, Alzheimer, Dementia, and so on. A portion of the present dynamic arrangements are as per the following: As Mr. Tisdall notes in his book â€Å"Children, Young individuals and social incorporation: Participation for What?† (2006), the main thought process behind this arrangement expresses that it is extremely hard for offspring of intellectually crippled guardians to adapt up to their folks, financial conditions and individual lives. Consequently, the legislature has set up this program to help the intellectually crippled guardians of such youngsters to go along the upset occasions. This program by the administration is fundamentally centered around wellbeing related issues of havens, displaced people, minorities, and

How To Set Up An Optimal Sales Training For Sales Representatives

How To Set Up An Optimal Sales Training For Sales Representatives If you’re running a business in retail or sales, a huge bulk of your operations will rely largely on people skills, specifically the skills that help your employees relate well with people. You might have the best products in the market, and you may even have the most elaborate and ambitious advertising campaigns, but, if your sales staff is weak, do not expect those sales figures to go up any time soon. At least, not in the way that you expect them to.I guess what I’m trying to say is that much of the success of your retail enterprise is hinged on the skills of your sales representatives. But what steps are you taking to ensure that your sales representatives are at the top of their game? After all, no one is born with skills in sales or, even if they were born with a “gift” for it, there is still a need to hone it to perfection, so that they can actually bring in the sales.MEET THE SALES REPRESENTATIVEBut let’s not get ahead of ourselves. Let us first acquaint ourselves with the Sales Representative. Who is he, and what does he do? And why is he a very important member of the organization?Snagajob put it in a pretty straightforward manner: a sales representative sells retail products, goods and services to customers. This usually involves working closely with end consumers in order to facilitate the whole sales process, which begins from finding sales leads and understanding customers’ wants and needs, all the way to the point where the products, goods or services are delivered to the customers who, in turn, pay for them.That sounds very broad, doesn’t it? It makes sales representative seem like they do everything that we know of in sales.Well, that’s because, essentially, they do. That’s why they are an integral part of a retail business’ organizational structure. If you see someone from a retail company or store doing any of the following, then you have just come across a sales representative. Usually, a sales representative does the following tasks:“Cold-calling” clients, or making unsolicited calls to clients, to sell goods or services.Going on-site, or visiting prospective and existing clients to talk to them about the products or services being sold.Showcasing or selling products or services directly to clients or customers, often by conducting product demonstrations and long and detailed lectures or explanations about what is being offered.Going through various sources to find new sales leads, such as poring over business directories and ramping up possibilities of generating or increasing client referrals.Depending o n the industry where the business belongs to and the nature of the business (and products or services) being offered by the business, a sales representative may make anywhere between $38,750 and $153,940 annually. The Occupational Employment Statistics report of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics as of May 2015 pegged an average annual wage of $76,190 for sales representatives in wholesale and manufacturing of technical and scientific products. Sales representatives in industries that are highly technical and scientific are obviously getting paid more than those in less technical fields.This explains why many are looking to get a job as a sales representative, especially in the electronic and chemical industries. But for businesses and organizations, quality trumps quantity. In the long run, having a large number of sales representatives will not do the business any good if they don’t have the premium skills that will allow them to perform their functions well.Most businesses wil l then prefer to have a “lean and mean” sales force, composed of sales representatives that may be few in number, but are highly qualified and trained to do the best job they can.And what should companies focus on in order to ensure that? From the get-go, they should be hiring only those with high potential as sales representatives. But it doesn’t stop there. Once they are on board and already employed, it is important for the company to have in place a mechanism aimed at improving and honing its human resources. In this case, we’re talking about initiatives to make sure that your sales representatives are always in top form.One way to do that is by conducting sales trainings that are aimed at developing and improving on the various skills of your sales representatives.SKILLS THAT SALES REPRESENTATIVES MUST POSSESSBriefly, let us go over the core skills that a sales representative must have in abundance, and must be the focus of your sales trainings.Customer service skillsAs a sales representative, you’d be mostly working with customers or clients, or the people you are selling the product or service to.This interaction is often up close and personal, which means you have to be able to connect to your customers in a comfortable and friendly manner. Otherwise, they won’t even give you the time of day, and you won’t be able to go past the 1-minute mark of your sales pitch.Communication skillsSales representatives are seen to be naturally possessed with the gift of gab. Meaning they can talk in great detail and at great length and, often, for prolonged periods. You’ll basically be convincing potential customers to buy your product, so you’d have to be very informative and descriptive.They are bound to have several questions, and you are supposed to field these questions and answer them accurately, all while convincing them to buy your product. ResilienceYou’ve probably been approached by sales representatives several times before. Do you remem ber how you reacted, or even treated, them? Depending on the circumstances that time, you may have entertained them and listened to what they have to say. But there may have also been times when you were in such a rush that you openly ignored them or, worse, rudely brushed them off. Well, it also takes great skill to deal with being treated in that manner.Imagine yourself in the shoes of the sales representative you just told off because you weren’t interested in what he had to say. How would you have reacted? As a sales representative, you should have persistence, with the ability to bounce back even after an unsavory experience with a client, and maintain an optimistic attitude as you move on to the next client to make your pitch to.AdaptabilityOften, the job of a sales representative is similar to that of a doctor. There may be regular work hours, but the nature of his job basically means he’s on call at any and all hours of the day. After all, sales is not restricted from 9 to 5. The hours of a sales representative can be quite long, extending late into the night and to the next day. Sometimes, even the weekends aren’t spared, anything to ensure that he makes a sale, or he reaches his quota for that period.These skills may be acquired initially through education and other formal trainings. Sales representatives with backgrounds in marketing and economics are expected to at least have the basics down pat. It’s just a matter of honing the basics and improving on them, and much of that responsibility is left in the hands of the company, via its human resource management and development programs.SALES TRAININGS FOR SALES REPRESENTATIVESSales trainings are developed with one primary goal, and that is to make sure that the company’s sales representatives are at the top of their game every single time. This is to ensure that they will be more effective as they go about their work of generating sales for the company.But you do not randomly gather your sa les representative in one place, call up an expert, and make them listen to hours and hours of lecture by that expert, and immediately conclude that you are conducting a sales training for your sales representatives. To a certain degree, that approach might work, but are you achieving the objectives that you have previously set?But here’s a better question: do you even know what those objectives are?To make sure you get a return on your investment â€" both on your sales representatives and on the sales training â€" you want to have an optimal sales training â€" one that will give the most favorable results. One way to ensure that sales trainings are optimal is to have a sales representative training program in place.Large companies spend hundreds of millions of dollars every year on their sales training programs for their sales representatives. According to Training Magazine, an average of $30.2 million is allocated to the training budget. Granted, we do not know how much of that estimate is devoted specifically for sales trainings of sales representatives, but even if it were just 10% or less, it’s still a significant amount, which indicates the weight that companies put on the importance of continuously training their sales representatives.Training Magazine also ranked the top 125 organizations that excelled at training and developing its employees for 2016 and the top-ranked company happens to be in retail/sales. It is Jiffy Lube International, a provider of automotive preventive maintenance service in the United States and Canada. For sure, a huge chunk of the training budget of Jiffy Lube was spent for its sales representatives.But how do you set up an effective sales training for your sales representatives? That’s what we’re going to talk about next.SETTING UP SALES REPRESENTATIVES’ TRAININGSWe’re going to divide it into three phases: pre-training, during the training, and after the training.I. Pre-TrainingIt all begins with a plan. If you al ready have a Sales Representative Training Program in place, this part should not be all that complicated. In fact, most of the activities conducted during the pre-training phase will largely be lifted from the guidelines set forth in the Training Program, with only a few tweaks here and there, if necessary.The pre-training phase covers the planning stage and setting up the stage for the sales training. What are the activities conducted in this phase?Set the objectives.You can hope to get the results you want from conducting the sales training only if you know what you want to achieve. Therefore, it is important to be as specific as possible with the objectives, so you can target it better when planning and conducting the training.Usually, the objectives of sales trainings include:To improve sales representatives’ knowledge about the company. Whenever sales representatives go out there, they are basically the face and voice of your company or your brand. Therefore, every move they make and every word they say will reflect on your company or brand. If they are asked a question about your brand and your sales representative is unable to give a ready reply, what impression will that make? The credibility of the sales representative will go down. The customer will have a hard time believing everything else he says when he doesn’t even know the first thing about the company he is working for.To improve sales representatives’ knowledge about the products and services they are selling. Your sales representatives must know what they are selling or offering. Otherwise, they will do poorly trying to convince customers to buy. Customers feel more assured and comfortable buying a product that the sales representative is obviously very familiar with, so if your sales representative is just reading off a flyer or product brochure, or constantly peeking at a product manual, that does not inspire any confidence in the customer. It is imperative that your sales represent ative knows the product like the back of his hand. More importantly, he should also believe in the product or service, so that he does a better job at getting other people to believe in it as well. It goes without saying that the sales representatives should also know more â€" and keep learning â€" about the systems and processes of the company, especially those that are directly related to the product and service they are selling.To enhance key sales skills of sales representatives. Earlier, we enumerated the core skills that must be possessed by sales representatives. Every now and then, there are new techniques and tools introduced on how to sell or market products. Make sure that your sales representatives are also updated about these so they can utilize them fully and effectively. This is one way to keep your sales representatives fresh and current. They already have the basic skills; your job is to let them improve on these skills.To boost the morale of sales representatives. If your sales representatives see that you are dedicated at keeping them on top of their game, then they will feel more motivated to do better at their job. If you just set them loose and expect them to bring in the sales, but you do not do much else, then they will feel neglected. Neglected employees will definitely feel as if they are not getting the respect they deserve, and so they will only do what is expected of them, even if they have the capacity to go above and beyond that, and bring in better results.To reiterate the duties, roles and responsibilities of the sales representatives. It is a given that newly hired sales representatives have to undergo requisite trainings before they can be sent out on field to do their work. What about the other, older, sales reps? Well, they, too, should also undergo trainings.Sometimes, there is a need to remind sales representatives about their role in the organization, and what is expected of them. They may have clarifications about their tasks and duties, especially if there are new rules or policies introduced. For example, a change in sales targets or quotas is bound to raise a lot of concerns, and these could be grounds to conduct a sales training, mostly for clarification purposes.Outline the core areas of development that will be addressed during the training.The areas of development that will be identified will depend on the objectives you previously set.If your objective is to improve the knowledge of sales representatives about the company, the areas that must be focused on during the training include the company’s history or background, its mission and vision, as well as its various business policies and procedures.If your objective is to improve their product knowledge, your focus during the training is on the product itself. Perhaps you’ll have them witness firsthand how the product is created, or allow them to experience how the product works.If you want to motivate them or enhance their skills, you ’ll be bringing in motivational speakers and other resource speakers who can teach them a lot about improving their sales skills.Identify the training methodology and plot the timeline.The training methodology must be aligned with the goal or objective, and the need you are trying to fill with the sales training you are going to conduct.The great thing about conducting trainings is that there are a lot of training methodologies that can be employed. Trainings are not limited to seminar- or lecture-type formats, where the sales representatives are virtually strapped to their seats and simply listening to someone speak for hours and hours in front. There are other, more interactive and definitely more fun and creative ways to encourage learning in a training setting.The methodology also involves identification of the resource people or those who will conduct the training. You may have to invite experts from outside the organization, or you may choose to do everything in-house. The i mportant thing is to make sure that they are all qualified to conduct or lead the training.It is also during this stage that you have to establish a training timeline, addressing issues such as the duration of the training and when you should conduct it. Again, depending on the objective, the focus areas and the methodology, the training can go from one day to several days or, for some, even weeks.II. Conducting the TrainingThis is where you will fully implement the training plan you prepared during the pre-training phase. The success of the implementation will depend on how solid your planning was.Here are some tips that may help you during the conduct of the training.Use practical instructional design. The mode of instruction must be practical and encourage learning. It should engage their interest, instead of just letting them soak in all the information passively. As much as possible, make sure there is a hands-on element to it, so they can actually apply what they are learning. Facilitate the training by using tools and technology that will make the learning process more interesting and the information being delivered bring more impact.Encourage involvement of sales representatives. In fact, rep to rep trainings are highly encouraged, since its hands-on nature makes the experience more personal and, therefore, more effective. This will also allow you early on to identify the sales representatives with potential leadership and managerial skills.Utilize experts and professionals. If your objective is to improve their product knowledge, the best people to talk about the product are the developers and the ones involved in the manufacture of the product. If it is a service, the person in authority is the one who actually provides the service. In that area, there shouldn’t be a problem looking for persuasive mentors or teachers.It becomes tricky when it’s about improving their sales skills. It’s a good thing that there are a lot of agencies and profession als offering sales training program development services.You just tell them what you need and what you hope to achieve with your sales representatives, and they will come up with a training program, which they will also implement. Examples of such training programs include sales coaching training and sales negotiations training.Of course, this is bound to cost more, so you have to be prepared for that.III. Post-TrainingPost-training evaluations are always conducted every time a company wraps up trainings. Mainly, this is to check whether all the plans set out during the pre-training phase were carried out. However, there is a more important point of concern in this phase, and that is to evaluate whether the desired results, or the objectives of the sales training, were achieved.But that cannot be seen or evaluated in one, two, or even three weeks. Definitive results will come in once the sales figures come in, and only then will you be able to tell whether your sales training worked . Does this mean that the post-training phase will take a very long time?Yes, that is exactly what it means. To be honest, training for sales representatives is really never finished. When the numbers came in, and they show that the sales representatives did a good job finding more sales leads and increasing sales, you’d be more motivated to conduct another training, this time, to keep their morale up. If the numbers aren’t what you expected, you may set another one on enhancing their sales skills.So you see, it is a continuous learning process, and that is what you should incorporate in your sales training program.

Capital Punishment Death Of The 10 Commandments - 934 Words

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT As in the likeness of a quote from the Shakespearian play Hamlet: â€Å"To Die or Not to Die - That Is the Question† states the theme of my research paper. It is stated in the 6th commandment of the 10 Commandments in the Bible that â€Å"Thou shalt not kill†. Although taking the life of another is wrong if you are a Christian and live by the Bible, according to the law of the United States, the Church and State are separated, and some states have the legal right to take the life of someone by lethal injection if they have committed a heinous crime. HISTORY OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT Capital punishment goes all the way back to Ancient Greece. The Romans also used it for many offenses. People used their Christian beliefs to justify capital punishment by using several biblical passages such as â€Å"Whosoever sheddeth man’s blood, by man shall his blood be shed† (Genesis 9:6) Executions in ancient China were very painful as they used techniques of sawing someone in half, flaying them while they were alive, and boiling them. In Europe the many cruel ways they executed people was by â€Å"breaking† on the wheel, boiling in oil, burning at the stake, decapitation by the guillotine or an axe, hanging, drawing and quartering, and drowning. By the end of the 20th century many jurisdictions went to death by lethal injection. Some other methods of execution were electrocution, gassing and the firing squad (Hood 1). Most people have read or learned that in the Old West there was death byShow MoreRelatedEssay about Differing Christian Attitudes Toward Capital Punishment1547 Words   |  7 PagesDiffering Christian Attitudes Toward Capital Punishment This assignment is to discuss the different views of Christians on Capital Punishment. I will explore both sets of view, whether they are for or against it. I will say which bible verses may have swayed their opinions of capital punishment, and what they think God has to say about the whole issue. I have opinions from Christians today, who I have asked their opinions on the matter. I will also include churchs Read MoreCapital Punish Relating to The Old Testament Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pages Why do some christians agree with the capital punishment? Some Christians feel that the Bible has spoken to the conflict, but many believe that the New Testament replaces the Old Testament law. Skimming through the Old Testament you can find many cases in which God orders the use of capital punishment, with the acts of God Himself. God was somehow involved directly or maybe indirectly, in the taking of life as a punishment for Israel or whomever threatened or harm the city of Israel. In GenesisRead More Capital Punishment and the Bible Essay1355 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment and the Bible      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capital punishment has always been an arguable issue and for good reason. The Old Testament clearly calls for the death penalty on many occasions, whereas; many of the teachings of Jesus and others in the New testament readily denounce it.   Therefore, both advocates ands opponents of capital punishment have Biblical references to support their beliefs.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Opponents use the creation story to show that all are created in Gods Read MoreEssay on The Death Penalty Is A Necessary Evil1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe death penalty is a necessary evil that has a positive effect on society today. It is an effective deterrent of crime as well as a safeguard for society. It also helps to keep order in our cities. It is a just and effective punishment for those who have committed crimes heinous enough to deserve death. The death penalty is not a new idea in our world. Its origins date back over 3,700 years to the Babylonian civilization, where it was prescribed for a variety of crimes. (Capital PunishmentRead MoreDeath Penalty And The Old Testament Essay2141 Words   |  9 Pages Death Penalty according to God in the Old Testament Christian church has been divided for many controversial topics because of issues such as self-center or lack of a deep analysis of the scriptures. Death penalty is one of those controversial topics relating the pro-life or pro-death argument. It is also known as capital punishment, and it is the ultimate punishment for extreme and sadistic delighting crimes. It is a message stating that there is a line that has been crossed according to societyRead MoreOutline Of Death Penalty1013 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty Introduction In America many people believed that death penalty was the constitutional ban against cruel and unusual punishment and the guarantees of due process of law and of equal protection under the law. 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Taking the teachings of the largest Christian denomination (Catholic) as a starting point, some say that the presentation of capital punishment in the Catechism of 1992 (#2266) differs surely in restrictiveness from the teaching of the Catechism of 1566. And that the revised Catechism of 1997 is even more restrictive. Leets examine these ane other aspects of the morality of capital punishment. The Catechism (1997) #2267 says, inRead More The Christian Perspective on Capital Punishment and Rehabilitation2726 Words   |  11 Pages Abstract Christian’s hold three distinct perspectives on capital punishment, namely Rehabilitationism, Reconstructionism and Retributionism. Rehabilitationism is the view that death sentence should not be allowed for any crime; Reconstructionism holds that death penalty should be allowed for any serious crime; Retributionism recommends death sentence for some capital crimes. The last two positions share a somewhat similar view. This paper focuses on rehabilitationism. Proponents of this view

Volleyball as a Subculture - 1650 Words

Does Society â€Å"Dig† Volleyball as a Subculture? I. Introduction The individuality within diverse subcultures has given so much to society already. Subcultures such as volleyball have been given a chance to grow in our society and spread to other cultures connecting nations across the globe. It takes time for a subculture to be accepted by our society today. Once it is accepted, membership in subculture grows as more people feel comfortable joining a mainstream subculture such as volleyball. However, to be a part of this particular subculture there are a few guidelines and some complicated jargon. Perhaps, since volleyball is not a subculture that greatly defies social norms, it may not be stigmatized or critically stereotyped by†¦show more content†¦A set is done, as already mentioned, over the player’s head with two hands slightly spaced apart. Then, the players and opponents repeat the actions as such: bump, set, spike. I became of part of this subculture when I was in 3rd grade, but became a serious member in 7th grade when I played with a competitive volleyball team. We would meet to practice for about an hour everyday, and we would play other opponents once a week. The longer I was a part of this subculture, the more involved I became with it, and the more serious I became about being a part of the group. III. Subculture Analysis As a leisure sport, volleyball is part of the middle class society, where most Americans tend to consider themselves falling in the social class system. Volleyball interests most middle school and high school girls, but little interest is shown by boys of that age. I was personally a part of the subculture of volleyball involving middle school and high school girls. Participating in this subculture proves athleticism and strength. Also, being a member of the subculture can give the individual a feeling of responsibility and success, helping to gain confidence in themself. Volleyball is part of the mainstream culture, mostly popular among girls. As many schools only have women’s teams, men are a minority in the subculture, even though the game was designed originally for men. Also, because the subculture involves physical activityShow MoreRelatedGrand Canyon University : A Christian University1016 Words   |  5 Pagesintelligence and disaster preparedness. Grand Canyon University operates several other campuses in the state of Arizona. These are found in Albuquerque, Scottsdale, Banner Boswell and St. Joseph’s Hospital. All school members are devoted to creating a subculture that is characterized by loving service and welcoming attitudes. Grand Canyon University Accreditation Details Grand Canyon University is accredited through the Higher Learning Commission, which is recognized by the U.S. Department of EducationRead MoreCell Biology Lab Manual5674 Words   |  23 PagesContents I. Introduction * About the author page 2 * Preface page 3 II. 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Business Customs and Practices South Korean business practices

The Fungal Species Free Essays

The fungal species about 100 stains which were previously isolated at the laboratory of biology department king khalid university will be used in this study. Fungi will be cultured on potato dextrose agar pda medium for 7 days at 27  °c. Identification of these species will be done basically on their microscopical and cultural characteristics. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fungal Species or any similar topic only for you Order Now The identity will be confirmed by amplification of its gene using universal primers. The fungal genomic dna extraction will be carried out using the qiagen dneasy plant/fungi mini kit protocol according to the nstructions. The its region of fungal dna will be amplified using the fungal specific-primer set: Its1-f cttggt cat tta gag gaa gta a and its4 r tcc tccgct tat tga tat gc as described by white et al. 1990 pcr reaction will be performed in a final volume of 50 ?L containing 10 mm tris-hcl 50mm kcl 1.5 m m mgcl2 each dntps at a concentration of 0.2 mm and 1.25 iu of taq polymerase. The amplification will be carried out by pcr. The initial denaturation temperature is 95  °c for 5 min followed by 40 cycles at 94  °c for 1 min 55  °c for 1 min 72  °c for 1 min; final extension at 72  °c for 10 min and holding at 4  °c. The amplified products will be examined by electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose gels in tae buffer. Then the pcr product will be purified and will be sent for sequencing at macrogen company korea. The its sequence of fungus isolate will be used for blast search in the embl genbank database. The sequence of the isolate will be further aligned and compared to publish its region sequences searched with the taxonomy browser of the national center for biotechnology information ncbi http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov and retrieved from genbank. Screening for mycogenic biosynthesis of ag-nps all the identified fungal species will be screened for the biogenic synthesis of ag-nps. For the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles the biomass of each isolated fungal species will be grown aerobically in cazpeks broth medium the inoculated flasks will be incubated on orbital shaker at 27 1  °c and with agitation at 150 rpm for 5 days. The fungal biomass then will be harvested after incubation by filtering using filter paper whatman no. 1 followed by three times of washing with distilled water to eradicate the residues of the medium from the biomass. Ten g fresh weight of mycelia will be added to 100 ml of sterilized double distilled water for 48 h at 27 1  °c in a 250 ml erlenmeyer flask with shaking again at 150 rpm. After the incubation the cell filtrate will be obtained by filtration through filter paper whatman no. 1. The filtrates will be inoculated with 1 mm silver nitrate agno3 solution and incubated at room temperature in dark abdel-hafez et al. 2016 the production of the nanoparticle will be checked visual by the changing the color into brown color. Cell-free filtrate without addition of silver nitrate will be severed as control. Purification of silver nanoparticles after formation the silver nanoparticles the agnps solution will be centrifuged at 10.000-14.000 rpm for 15-20 min. The supernatant will be excluded and the pellets will be dispersed with distilled water. This dispersion will be again centrifuged. The procedure will be repeated 3 times to clean agnps the free entities and unbound biological molecules. The purified formed pellets will be dried at 50-60  °c and stored in a brown-glass container for further characterization. Characterization of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles the obtained silver nanoparticles will be characterized using different advanced tools including uv -visible spectroscopy at absorption curve range between 410-480 nm. Determining of size and shape of agnps by electron microscopy sem will be carried out. Particle sizing experiments will be carried out by means of laser diffract meter using zeta sizer nano-series nano zs the crystallinity of agnps will be confirmed by their xrd pattern. Ft-ir spectra will be recorded in the range 4000–500 cm?1. Uv-visible spectrometry measurement: Biotransformation of metal ions will be affirmed by uv–visible spectroscopy measurement. Labomed uv–vis double beam within the wave length ranged from 200 to 600 nm will be used mourato et al. 2011 x-ray diffraction xrd measurement: Xrd technique will be used for examination of quality of the prepared nanoparticles. Xrd pattern of the obtained nanoparticles on glass material will be estimated in wide selection of bragg angles 2? At a scanning rate of 20 min-1. Fourier transform infrared ft-ir spectrometry analysis: Sample containing nanoparticles will be scanned by ft-ir spectrometry using a spectrophotometer. Ft-ir spectra will be scanned in rang 4000–400 cm–1 in ftir spectrometry at a resolution of one cm-1. Transmission electron microscopy tem the morphology and size of produced nanoparticles will be determined using tem. Antimicrobial activity of the characterized nanoparticles antimicrobial activities of ag-nps will be performed by the agar well diffusion method in muller hinton agar plates selvamohan et al. 2012 human pathogenic bacterial species such as escherichia coli pseudomonas sp. Proteus mirabilis klebsiella pneumoniae and staphylococcus aureus will be used for the assay. The bacterial species will be grown in muller hinton broth at 37 oc for 24 h. The bacterial growth will be prepared on agar medium and wells will be cut using sterile cork borer. In to the wells agnp will be applied at different concentration and incubated at 37 oc. The plates will be examined for appearance of inhibition zone and then their diameter will be measured and will be compared with standard antibiotic such ciprofloxacin. Optimization of silver nanoparticles for large scale production and stable mycofabrication of agnps using fungi it is necessary to investigate the ideal physical and chemical parameters required for the production of effective and small sized agnps mishra et al. 2014 different parameters such hydrogen-ion-concentration ph temperature t  °c concentration of silver nitrate agno3 and time t of reaction will be studied. The absorbance of the resulting solution after color change will be measured using uv–vis spectrophotometer. For each condition respective controls will be maintained.the length of the text: 6244 (no spaces: 5243)get new reportthe uniqueness of the text: 65.1 %we strongly recommend not to use this text for academic purposes    How to cite The Fungal Species, Papers

The Ending Of King Lear Essays - Characters In Romeo And Juliet

The Ending Of King Lear Few Shakespearean plays have caused the controversy that is found with King Lear's ending scenes. Othello kills himself, Macbeth is executed, and of course in hamlet, everyone dies. Lear, however, is different from other Shakespearean classics. Is Lear mad or lucid? Is Cordelia really dead? Is Edmund's delay explainable? What is the nature of the Lear world that occasioned all of this? How does Knight's thesis relate to the ending? Critical commentary varies and appears exhaustive. Bradley speaks of evil, but thinks Lear dies in a moment of supreme joy; Knight argues that however vicious and cruel the Lear world is, the death of Cordelia represents the future triumph of love. Frye writes of Lear's madness as our sanity if it were not sedated as if the universe is fundamentally absurd. Andrews writes that the meaning depends on the F vs. Q variations, and that the audience must be left uncertain. Snyder says that Lear dramatizes the phases of dying that we all endure, and that Lear dies because he is warn out by the exhaustion of life. Rackin comments that the play moves through a dialectical process of reconciliation of opposites that culminate in Lear's triumph of faith. Hennedy notes the existential approach saying that Lear dies secure in knowledge that Cordelia lives after death, having experienced transcendence. The paradox of (in a Christian sense) that hopes comes from the cross. Donner writes that the c athartic experience the end of the play affords us is the belief that justice had not been done; how could it, and we can not forget the tremendous potential man has for evil that no one but God could forgive. Harris argues that the promised end is dramatized by the ending of Lear, and the final words of the play make the meaning clear?the power of art transcends what language can only try to express. Foakes thinks that Hamlet now is less suited for the twentieth century than Lear, insofar as Lear's existential content is what matters, so now the question becomes why would Cordelia want to live in Lear's world? The play is about protesting a world gone mad. The situation is further intensified by the Tate emendation that playgoers witnessed for over a century. Arguing from the perspective of post-restoration and neo-classical taste that literature must teach virtue, Tate dropped the Fool, gave Cordelia and Edgar a love interest, thus sparing her life along with her father: Edgar: My dear Cordelia! Lucky was the Minute Of our approach, the Gods have weighed our Sufferings, W'are past the Fire, and now must shine to Ages Albany notes, Take off their chains thou Injur'd Majesty, The Wheel of Fortune now has made a circle? What comfort may be brought to cheer your age? And heal your savage Wrongs, shall be apply'd For to your Majesty we do resign Your kingdom? Lear's last words according to Tate are: Though, thou hast some business yet for life; Thou, Kent, and I, retir'd to some cool cell Will gently pass our short Reserves of time In calm reflections on our fortunes past, Cheer'd with relation of the prosperous reign Of this celestial pair; thus our remains Shall in an even course of thoughts be past? Enjoy the present hour, not fear the last Quite a difference from Edmund's inexplicable delay in revoking his doom, leading inevitably to the death of Lear and Cordelia. Perhaps today our taste have changed since our metaphysics have, and if the mimetic theory of Aristotle still holds, then Foakes has charted the change when he notes that Hamlet has been replaced by Lear as the play most representative of our century. ?In the 1960's, the central question about the tragedy of King Lear, took on new form.? And as Herbert Blau put it, ?In our time it became possible to ask again about the death of Cordelia not why she should die, but why she want to live To escape the implied horror this question poses regarding this century, demands perhaps an existential interpretation of the universe. Lear then holding Cordelia asking us to ?Look there(V,iii,308) defines his own lucidity in a mad world where humanity preys upon itself. What brought Lear to such a moment in Act V? In the Wheel of Fire, Knight believes the universal apparatus

Free Essays on Tupac

Tupac Shakur (2Pac) Tupac Shakur was born in Brooklyn, NY in 1971. Early in his life, he moved to Baltimore, ND, where he attended The Baltimore School, Tupac led a lasting impression on his teachers and was showing tremendous potential. Unfortunately, Tupac was unable to continue his training. He moved to Oakland, California with the rest of his family. That’s when Tupac began hanging with the wrong crowd. Tupac later got into the rap and acting business, he was dedicated to both rap/hiphop and acting. Tupac was very real, whatever was on his mind he said it in his lyrics. Not held back by his lack of formal education, Tupac joined the Rap group Digital Underground as a dancer. Not long before the group achieved award-winning success, Tupac released his own album â€Å"2pacalypse now†, which was also a success. The hit single â€Å"Brenda’s Got A Baby† launched Tupac’s career like a rocket. His stunning talent also hot him a role in the motion picture â€Å"Juiceâ₠¬ . Tupac eventually released a second album â€Å"Strictly for my Niggaz,† which was an even bigger success. The highlight of Tupac’s acting career came when he appeared in â€Å"Poetic Juice† besides Janet Jackson. The role Jackson 2 made Tupac a household name and showed the world that music may not be Tupac’s number one thing. In the midst of a role in the movie â€Å"Above the Rim† and a Platinum album â€Å"Me against the world,† Tupac’s rising career was snagged. A woman he met at a nightclub brought him up on sexual assault charges. Hours before Tupac would be found guilty, men whose intent and purpose is still uncertain robbed Tupac at gunpoint. Tupac was eventually released at over $1 Million in bail. After his release, Tupac answered his critics by releasing his best album, â€Å"All eyes on me.† â€Å"All eyes on me† has currently sold around 6 Million copies, which is revolutionary for a double cd. Especially in Hip Hop music. As the album climbed the charts, ... Free Essays on Tupac Free Essays on Tupac 1971 - 1996 Tupac Amaru Shakur DOB: June 16, 1971 - Brooklyn, NY DOD: September 13, 1996 - Las Vegas, NV Height: 5'10 Weight: 168 Mother: Afeni Shakur Father: William Garland Step Father: Jeral Wayne Williams AKA Mutula Shakur Half Sister: Sekyiwa Shakur Half Brother: Maurice Harding (Mopreme of Thug Life) Godfather: Elmer "Geronimo" Pratt Music Groups: One Nation Emcees, Two From The Crew, Strictly Dope, Digital Underground, Thug Life, Outlaw Immortalz/Outlawz Aliases: MC New York, 2Pac, Makaveli (the don) Marital Status: Divorced (Keisha Morris) & Engaged (Kidida Jones) Tupac Shakur was born Lesane Parish Crooks in Brooklyn, NY in 1971. While still a small child, his mother changed his name to Tupac Amaru after an Inca Indian revolutionary, "Tupac Amaru", meaning "Shining Serpent". "Shakur" means "Thankful To God" in Arabic. From childhood, everyone called him the "Black Prince." Formisbehaving, he had to read an entire edition of The New York Times. When he was two, his sister, Sekyiwa, was born. This child's father, Mutulu, was a BlackPanther who, a few months before her birth, had been sentenced to sixty years for a fatal armored car robbery. With Mutulu away, the family experienced hard times. No matter where they moved-the Bronx, Harlem, homeless shelters- Tupac was distressed. "I remember crying all the time. My major thing growing up was I couldn't fit in. Because I was from everywhere. I didn't have no buddies that I grew up with." By the age of twelve, Tupac had discovered his loves for acting, writing love songs and poetry. As a young teen, his family moved to Baltimore , MD, where he attended The Baltimore School for the Performing Arts studying acting and ballet. At this school, Tupac left a lasting impression on his teachers and was showing tremendous potential. Unfortunately, Tupac was unable to continue his training. He moved to Oakland, California with the rest of his family. T... Free Essays on Tupac Tupac Shakur (2Pac) Tupac Shakur was born in Brooklyn, NY in 1971. Early in his life, he moved to Baltimore, ND, where he attended The Baltimore School, Tupac led a lasting impression on his teachers and was showing tremendous potential. Unfortunately, Tupac was unable to continue his training. He moved to Oakland, California with the rest of his family. That’s when Tupac began hanging with the wrong crowd. Tupac later got into the rap and acting business, he was dedicated to both rap/hiphop and acting. Tupac was very real, whatever was on his mind he said it in his lyrics. Not held back by his lack of formal education, Tupac joined the Rap group Digital Underground as a dancer. Not long before the group achieved award-winning success, Tupac released his own album â€Å"2pacalypse now†, which was also a success. The hit single â€Å"Brenda’s Got A Baby† launched Tupac’s career like a rocket. His stunning talent also hot him a role in the motion picture â€Å"Juiceâ₠¬ . Tupac eventually released a second album â€Å"Strictly for my Niggaz,† which was an even bigger success. The highlight of Tupac’s acting career came when he appeared in â€Å"Poetic Juice† besides Janet Jackson. The role Jackson 2 made Tupac a household name and showed the world that music may not be Tupac’s number one thing. In the midst of a role in the movie â€Å"Above the Rim† and a Platinum album â€Å"Me against the world,† Tupac’s rising career was snagged. A woman he met at a nightclub brought him up on sexual assault charges. Hours before Tupac would be found guilty, men whose intent and purpose is still uncertain robbed Tupac at gunpoint. Tupac was eventually released at over $1 Million in bail. After his release, Tupac answered his critics by releasing his best album, â€Å"All eyes on me.† â€Å"All eyes on me† has currently sold around 6 Million copies, which is revolutionary for a double cd. Especially in Hip Hop music. As the album climbed the charts, ...

A Summary of Geomorphology and Its Processes

A Summary of Geomorphology and Its Processes Geomorphology is defined as the science of landforms with an emphasis on their origin, evolution, form, and distribution across the physical landscape. An understanding of geomorphology and its processes is therefore essential to the understanding of physical geography. History of Geomorphology Although the study of geomorphology has been around since ancient times, the first official geomorphologic model was proposed between 1884 and 1899 by the American geographer, William Morris Davis. His geomorphic cycle model was inspired by theories of uniformitarianism and attempted to theorize the development of various landform features. Daviss geomorphic cycle model says that a landscape undergoes a preliminary uplift that is paired with erosion (the removal or wearing down) of materials in that uplifted landscape. Within the same landscape, precipitation causes streams to flow more rapidly. As they grow their power then cuts into the grounds surface both at the start of the stream and lower down the stream. This creates the stream channels present in many landscapes. This model also says that the slope angle of the land is gradually reduced and the ridges and divides present in certain landscapes become rounded over time because of erosion. The cause of this erosion is not however limited to water as in the stream example. Finally, according to Daviss model, over time such erosion occurs in cycles and a landscape eventually morphs into an old erosional surface. Daviss theory was important in launching the field of geomorphology and was innovative at its time as it was a new attempt to explain physical landform features. Today, however, it is not usually used as a model because the processes he described are not so systematic in the real world and it failed to take into account the processes being observed in later geomorphic studies. Since Daviss model, several alternative attempts have been made to explain landform processes. Walther Penck, an Austrian geographer, developed a model in the 1920s for example, that looked at ratios of uplift and erosion. It did not take hold though because it could not explain all landform features. Geomorphologic Processes Today, the study of geomorphology is broken down into the study of various geomorphologic processes. Most of these processes are considered to be interconnected and are easily observed and measured with modern technology. In addition, the individual processes are considered to be either erosional, depositional, or both. An erosional process involves the wearing down of the earth’s surface by wind, water, and/or ice. A depositional process is the laying down of material that has been eroded by wind, water, and/or ice. The geomorphologic processes are as follows: Fluvial Fluvial geomorphologic processes are those related to rivers and streams. The flowing water found here is important in shaping the landscape in two ways. First, the power of the water moving across a landscape cuts and erodes its channel. As it does this, the river shapes its landscape by growing in size, meandering across the landscape, and sometimes merging with other rivers forming a network of braided rivers. The paths rivers take depend on the topology of the area and the underlying geology or rock structure found where its moving. In addition, as the river carves its landscape it carries the sediment it erodes as it flows. This gives it more power to erode as there is more friction in the moving water, but it also deposits this material when it floods or flows out of mountains onto an open plain in the case of an alluvial fan (image). Mass Movement The mass movement process, also sometimes called mass wasting, occurs when soil and rock moves down a slope under the force of gravity. The movement of the material is called creeping, slides, flows, topples, and falls. Each of these is dependent on the speed of movement and composition of the material moving. This process is both erosional and depositional. Glacial Glaciers are one of the most significant agents of landscape change simply because of their sheer size and power as they move across an area. They are erosional forces because their ice carves the ground beneath them and on the sides in the case of a valley glacier which results in a U-shaped valley. Glaciers are also depositional because their movement pushes rocks and other debris into new areas. The sediment created by the grinding down of rocks by glaciers is called glacial rock flour. As glaciers melt, they also drop their debris creating features like eskers and moraines. Weathering Weathering is an erosional process that involves the chemical break down of rock (such as limestone) and the mechanical wearing down of rock by a plant’s roots growing and pushing through it, ice expanding in its cracks, and abrasion from sediment pushed by wind and water. Weathering can, for example, result in rock falls and eroded rock like those found in Arches National Park, Utah. Geomorphology and Geography One of the most popular divisions of geography is physical geography. By studying geomorphology and its processes, one can gain significant insight into the formation of the various structures found in landscapes worldwide, which can then be used as a background for studying the many aspects of physical geography.

Critical Thinking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking - Research Paper Example When HP, Compaq, and Dell developed PCs and offered to the individuals at an affordable cost, the market grew at an exponential rate. It was too late for IBM then to grab a respectable share in PC market. A critical and creative thinking on part of the IBM to serve large small consumers at an affordable cost would have prevented others to grab the huge market that it culminated into within a decade or so. Free will is a philosophical term for which most philosophers believe that the free will is related with moral responsibility. Acting with free will means one is responsible for ones action. Free will, according to Rene Descartes, means freedom of choice to do or not to do something (Stanford encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010). Socrates rightly said that truth can be approached by complete ignorance and not by any preconceived notions and beliefs. When one questions all established belief system then one goes nearer to the truth. Usually, it is believed that knowledge is an observational phenomenon but according to ‘rationalists’, knowledge can also be gained purely by thinking. This contrasts the view point of ‘empiricists’ that all knowledge is gained through observations. In order to understand what knowledge is and how it will be available, one needs to ponder over what role knowing might play or what inherent value it may offer – if there is any (Internet Encyclopedia of philosophy (2012). Usually, opinions are formed before hand before going deeper into the details. Each one of us has preconceived beliefs and opinions about so many things and that come in our way in finding the truth. Opinions without any basis are great impediments to our free thinking. Egocentrism is hindrance to critical thinking because it revolves around self-centered thinking. It has two major forms known as self-serving and self-interested thinking. Egocentrism develops due to superiority feeling in

Audit Program Design Part III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Audit Program Design Part III - Essay Example Introduction The paper will focus on the inventory and warehousing cycle and cash cycle. Some of the types of transactions in the inventory and warehousing cycle include receiving raw materials, storage of raw materials, processing of the purchase orders, processing of the goods, storage of the completed goods and shipping them to customers (Luis, 2008). Cash is the most vulnerable to fraud and misappropriation by the staff. The analytical procedures for the warehousing and inventory cycle will compare the current gross margin in order to establish any understatement of the costs of goods sold and inventory (Gupta, 2005). The procedures will also look at the unit costs of inventory, the total inventory valuation, the manufacturing costs including the variable costs of each unit of inventory (Puttick, Esch & Kana, 2007). The substantive tests of transactions on inventory and warehousing cycle will ensure that inventory recorded on tags exists by randomly selecting tag numbers and phys ically identifying the existence of the inventory (Puttick, Esch & Kana, 2007). We will observe any possible movement of inventory during the count and ensure inventory is accurately recorded. Tests of controls are the internal control systems of the organization (Luis, 2008). Tests of controls for the cash cycle include the collecting and depositing of the cash in the bank accounts, reconciliation of the bank balances, appropriate authority for the documentation of cash payments and grant of any cash payment discounts. Another test of control is the appropriate determination of the bad debts (Gupta, 2005). Tests of controls, substantive tests of transactions and analytical procedures for inventory and warehousing cycle for Apollo Shoes, Inc Some of the relevant documentations that are useful in auditing the inventory and warehousing cycle of Apollo Shoes, Inc include the production schedules, the materials requisition, inventory master file, production data information, shipping or ders, costs accumulation sand variances reports and the inventory status report. The substantive audit procedures will deal with the work in progress, the finished goods and costs of goods sold. Functions of inventory and warehousing cycle include the storage of finished goods (Luis, 2008). Tests of control provide evidence on the effectiveness of the internal control systems while substantive tests of transactions provide the fair representation of the transaction statements (Puttick, Esch & Kana, 2007). Analytical procedures involve the use of comparisons to assess the fairness of management assertions (Puttick, Esch & Kana, 2007). Tests of control Substantive tests of transactions Analytical procedures validity Ensure the raw materials and inventory storage is safe from theft and fraud Physical examination to ensure the warehouses are safety locked, and only authorized personnel access the facility Recorded transfer of inventories exists and is accurate Test the transfer of raw m aterials from warehouse to manufacturing facility; compare the quantity, description, with information in materials master file. Compare the completed goods with the finished goods master file (Gupta, 2005). Ensure information matches the inventories master file and approval has been done by the purchasing manager Timeliness Ensure inventory shipping schedules are processed daily. Ask the client about it Inventory valuation Inventory is

Trade Union Increasing Of Their Membership Commerce Essay

Trade Union Increasing Of Their Membership Commerce Essay It is believed that employee relation is a relevant management activity if the organisation deals with trade unions. As Gennard and Judge (2005) explained in their book, trade unions are organised group of employees who consist wholly or mainly of workers of one or more description and whose principal purposes include the regulation of relations between workers and employers. The primary purpose of trade unions is to protect and enhance the living standards of their members. (Gennard and Judge, 2005) To achieve this objective, there are two main methods industrial and political. Industrial methods include the negotiation of agreements with employers and all that belongs to collective bargaining, grievance procedure, industrial action, use of third-party intervention, joint consultation. Political methods cover all types of union participation in the political process, including pressure group activities in relation to the UK government and the EU decision making bodies. Trade unions which traced from the eighteenth century have developed into a number of forms, influenced by differing political adjectives and activities of trade unions vary, but may include: provision of benefits to members, collective bargaining, industrial action and political activity. Although trade unions bring about lots of benefits to their members, there is a decline in trade union membership. This paper will discuss the question how trade unions can increase their membership. The questions will be answered from four aspects. It will be organise as follow: first it will talk about the partnership, second is the policy specifically to attract younger members, third is organising model, and last is the investment in exploring new information-based technology and communication systems. Also a conclusion will be writing at the last of this paper. Partnership Blair declared partnerships to be an essential part of developing a modern workplace that can produce goods and services of quality. It is part of the answer to the quest for economic success (Brown et al, 2001) Heery (2002) mentioned that social partnership is an imprecise term and in Britain carries a number of meanings and refers to a range of union activities. At European level, it can refer to union involvement in European Social Dialogue and the negotiation of framework agreements. At state level, it can refer to attempts to position the TUC as an authoritative partner in economic and social management. At economy level, it can refer to attempts to revive multi-employer collective bargaining. At company level, it can refer to the negotiation of distinctive partnership agreements between unions and management, which are intended to promote a new and more co-operative set of relations within the firm. Partnership agreements may reflect an exclusive principle of representation; they provide an element of security for union members in relatively good jobs through a policy of deliberate insecurity for others who are less likely to be unionised. Partnership above the level of the company may be oriented towards the broad regulation of the labour market, partnership agreements focus very much on the immediate employment-centred interests of union members. (Heery, 2002) These partnership agreements seek to address interests which have often been neglected by unions in the past. They have common feature like worker entitlement to training and development. Indeed, the Return to Learn partnership concluded by unison with public and voluntary sector employers are confined solely to issue of personal development (Munro and Rainbird, 2000). Partnership agreements seek to cultivate shared interests with employers and take the form of productivity coalition (Windolf, 1989), in which security, d evelopment and involvement ideally are exchanged for worker commitment and flexibility. Partnership brings many benefits such as training and development, and also makes the worker more flexible that employers and employees working under the voluntary rather than law. Partnership is built on principles and practices of shared commitment between the organisation and the people who work there.   Partnership has brought benefits including greater disclosure of information, greater influence, inter-union co-operation and more local decision-making. It provides the opportunity for worker get training and develop their personal skills, increase workers involvement. In a word, there is a big potential of a move towards greater partnership with employers as a way of increasing trade union membership. Attract younger members Throughout Western Europe, trade union membership is declining. The average age of trade unionists is rising, and difference between trade unionists and young workers in perception, culture and identity are widening. If trade unions are tending to reverse the membership decline sustained since 1979, more young workers must be recruited. Sustained membership growth in trade union is facing two major challenges. The first challenge is to adapt their strategies and structures to the rapid growth and diversity of service-sector employment. The second challenge is demographic. Union membership in western industrial nations is ageing and tends to be concentrated in declining or slow-growth sector. As a result, it is vital that unions invent effective ways to recruit the next generation of workers. (Weil, 1994) A review of unionisation among young people in Western European showed that rates of unionisation among young people are lower than among their older counterparts and that the rate of unionisation for young people is declining more steeply than among older workers (Serrano Pascual and Waddington, 2000). It is argued that young workers attitudes towards trade unions are influenced by aspects as follow. First, family networks influence the unionisation of young workers. Young trade unionists were more likely to have parents who were, or had been, trade unionists. Second is the influence of some workplace characteristics and job histories on union membership. Young workers who often change employment rather than accumulate a stock of grievances in a single post are less likely to unionise (Waddington and Kerr, 2002). There are some actions can be introduced by trade unions to stem the sharp decline in unionisation among young people. First, reduce subscription rates for young trade unionists. In order to encourage higher rates of participation in union affairs and to foster contributions from young members on the development of union policy, many unions have set up youth or student sections. Second, launch campaigns on university campuses in an attempt to attract into membership students employed in McJobs, which is low pay, insecurity, unsocial hours and an absence of holiday or sick pay. Third, establish a presence at music festivals and similar events central to the culture of young people, to engage with potential young members. Fourth, establish the Organising Academy to train young people to recruit, amongst others, young workers, with the specific brief to extend union organisation into private-sector services. Organising model The trade union density is described as a product of five forces: macro-economic context, workforce composition, state policy, management strategy, and the recruitment activity of trade unions themselves (Metcalf, 1991). It is also argued that the fall in trade union membership was caused by inadequate investment or deficiencies in union recruitment activity much union recruitment has been unsystematic and reactive (Heery, 2000) (Kelly and Heery, 1994). While there is evidence of UK unions making an increased effort to recruit and organise new members, which has been informed by the organising model since the mid 1990s. (Heery, 2002) The concept of an organising model or organising approach is imprecise and embraces a number of principles and practise (Bronfenbrenner, 1998). Organising model tends to be used in two overlapping senses: First, it can refer to a model of union good practice which contributes to membership growth by re-building or extending organization at workplace level. Second, it represents an attempt to rediscover the social movement origins of labour, essentially by redefining the union as a mobilizing structure which seeks to simulate activism among its members and generate campaigns for workplace and wider social justice (Heery et al, 2000). Organising model includes some practices such as: reliance on targeted and planned organizing campaigns; the use of mapping techniques to research the target workforce and identify those likely to join; reliance on face-on-face recruitment, often in peoples homes and using like-to-like recruiters (Heery et al, 2000). Organising means the empowerment of workers, workers can resolve their own problems without recourse to external representation. The increasing investment by unions in organising leads to a recovery of union membership. Investment in technology and communication systems The union has invested little time or money in exploring new information-based technology and communication systems. The low cost of information, communication, and interaction on the web offers trade unions opportunities to improve services and attract members. The internet is the twenty-first centurys mode of mass communication, the logistic growth curve for internet usage making the internet one of the most rapidly adopted innovations ever. The use of web for workers and union members are very universal. It is believed that if unionists were not making extensive use of the internet, any study of the role of internet in the future of unions would be speculative or at least be limited to its impact. On the contrary, if unionists make wide use of the internet, then it has greater potential for the future of unions broadly. The internet offers unions some areas of opportunity: first, to present the union case various issues to the online population through provision of information; second, to communicate directly with union members or potential members through targeted electronic messages; third, to engage in interactive discourse with members or others by responding to queries and by online discussion forums. The uses of web by union members offer the opportunities for unions to use the new technology to improve their services to members and possibly attract new members, especially those young people. Because of younger union members are more likely to access the internet than older union members. The internet is also an inexpensive medium for communication. E-mails can be sent free to all members of the organization as well as one person to another. It makes union members easier to share information. Overall, by invest in technology and communication system such as internet and E-mail, unions can improve services to members and attract new members. Conclusion In conclude, the purpose of this paper is to discussed the question how trade unions can increase their membership. It answered the question from four sides were partnership, attract young members, organising model, and investment in technology and communication system. By looking at partnership, it is obvious that partnership has brought benefits including greater disclosure of information, greater influence, inter-union co-operation and more local decision-making. It is an effective way to recruit the next generation of workers for increase the membership of trade unions. Organising model had a success inform in unions making an increased effort to recruit and organise new members. It contributes to membership growth by re-building or extending organization. The last method to increase the membership of trade union is to investment in technology and communication system such as internet and e-mail in order to achieve the object of attract new members.

The Management Of Carbon Monoxide In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay

Carbon monoxide direction have progressively received attending in recent times, due to issues originating from the clime alteration phenomenon, and the increasing rate of wellness and environment jobs originating from air pollution. The promotions in air quality and C monoxide direction techniques are borne out of the demand for safe ambient air for all. Air quality can be defined as the quality of air we breathe, which depends on the measure of harmful gases and substances in it. Air quality is classified in the UK as ‘very good ‘ , ‘good ‘ , ‘poor ‘ and ‘very hapless ‘ ( Longhurst et al. , 1995 ) . Poor air quality, which is a effect of air pollution, is traditionally characterised by the presence of the most often and routinely monitored air pollutants ( N dioxide and its reaction merchandises, sulfur dioxide and its reaction merchandises, ozone, particulate affair, lead, volatile organic compounds and C monoxide our focal point in this research work ) at concentrations transcending the criterions which have been set to protect human wellness and the environment ( Longhurst et al. , 1995 ) . Carbon monoxide ( CO ) is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that is somewhat less dense than air. It is a merchandise of uncomplete burning of carbon-containing fuels and is besides produced by some industrial and biological procedures. Carbon monoxide is a toxicant gas produced when fuels incorporating C are burned in the presence of small O. Harmonizing to experts, it can besides organize as a consequence of firing fuels at high temperatures. Much of this gas is being churned into the ambiance in Nigeria. When inhaled, C monoxide combines with the blood hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying substance in ruddy blood cells and by so making, inhibits haemoglobin from taking up O. Since hemoglobin can non take up O from the air, cells and tissues, dices due to the deficiency of O. In Nigeria, at present, the significance of natural beginnings of C monoxide for adult male is unsure. Estimates of semisynthetic C monoxide emanations vary from 350 to 600 million metric tons per annum. By far the most of import beginning of C monoxide at take a breathing degree is the fumes of petrol-powered motor vehicles. The emanation rate depends on the type of vehicle, its velocity, and its manner of operation. Other beginnings include heat and power generators, some industrial procedures such as the carbonisation of fuel, and the incineration of garbage. Faulty domestic cookery and warming contraptions may be of import beginnings that are frequently overlooked.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYa. To wholly specify the spacial and temporal distributions of CO ; B. To gauge the beginnings and per centum of C monoxide part to air pollution in Nigeria. c. To measure the negative impact of Carbon monoxide emanation to human wellness and the environment. d. To better understand CO tendencies, and to compare these with tendencies derived from emanation stock list informations in order to proffer best steps for Carbon monoxide emanation extenuation and direction in Nigeria.JustificationThe justification for this research is based on the environmental and wellness jeopardies posed by C monoxide with mention to air quality surveies and direction in Nigeria.LITERATURE REVIEWCarbon monoxide ( CO ) is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that is somewhat less dense than air. It is a merchandise of uncomplete burning of carbon-containing fuels and is besides produced by some industrial and biological procedures. Its wellness significance as a contamination of air is mostly due to the fact that it forms a strong coordination bond with the Fe atom of the protohaem composite in hemoglobin forming carboxyhaemoglobin ( HbCO ) and therefore impairs the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. The dissociation of oxyhemoglobin is besides altered by the presence in blood of carboxyhaemoglobin so that the supply of O to weave is farther impaired. The affinity of hemoglobin for C monoxide is approximately 240 times that of its affinity for O ; the proportions of carboxyhaemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin in blood are mostly dependent on the partial force per unit areas of C monoxide and O. Carbonmonoxide is absorbed through the lungs and the concentrationa of carboxyhaemoglobin in the blood at any clip will depend on several factors. When in equilibrium with ambient air, the carboxyhaemoglobin content of the blood will depend chiefly on the concentrations of divine C monoxide and O. However, if equilibrium has non been achieved, the carboxyhaemoglobin concentration will besides depend on the clip of exposure, pneumonic airing, and the carboxyhaemoglobin originally present before inspiration of the contaminated air. The enormous addition in the figure and usage of motor vehicles during the past 30 old ages has been accompanied by a rapid addition in C monoxide emanations. The rate at which C monoxide is emitted from motor vehicles varies non merely with vehicle but besides with the manner of operation of the vehicle. The emanations of C monoxide by other nomadic beginnings are relatively little. Among the stationary beginnings, the combustion of waste stuff and certain industrial procedures generate significant sums of carbonmonoxide. Petroleum refineries, Fe metalworkss, kraft-pulp Millss, carbon-black workss are the major beginnings. The combustion of garbage, either in incinerators or openly, is an of import beginning of C monoxide. If uncontrolled, the emanation rate of C monoxide from incinerators is about 17.5 kilograms per metric ton of garbage burned. If burned openly, the emanation rates can change from approximately 25 to 60 kilograms per metric ton, depending upon the type of garbage ( US Environmental Protection Agency, 1973b ) . The burning of fossil fuels in electric generating workss, industries, and the place, while ensuing in the emanation of smaller measures of C monoxide separately, may represent a major beginning when combined. Any industrial procedure or operation, where uncomplete burning of carbonous stuff occurs, may easy be of importance every bit far as occupational exposure to carbon monoxide is concerned. Smelting of Fe ore, gas production plants, gasworks and coke ovens, distribution and usage of natural gas and coal gas, car fabrication, garages, and service Stationss are among the mos t of import beginnings for occupational exposure to carbon monoxide ( Ministry of Labour, 1965 ) The direction of C monoxide air quality will imply proper scrutiny of its assorted beginnings, its background degree and therefore the control of its emanation into the environment. An effectual air quality direction requires the undermentioned ( Stern, 1977 ) :I. Constitution of a set of air quality criterions or ends.The United Kingdom Air Quality Standards Regulation 2007 No. 64 defines air quality criterions as ‘limit values, mark values and long-run aims ‘ ( OPSI, 2007 ) of sum of air pollutants which should be present in the ambient air at degrees regarded to be safe for take a breathing. two. Construct an emanations stock list. An emanation stock list is a database of all emanation beginnings and the information on major air pollutants types and concentrations in the ambiance in a peculiar topographic point ( Mattai and Hutchinson, 2005 ) . Assorted standardized guidelines for building emanations stock list of air pollutants to turn to specific scenarios can be found in assorted literatures ( Mattai and Hutchinson, 2005 ; ARPEL, 1998 ; EEA, 2007 ; US EPA, 2000 ) . three. Monitoring in order to find ambient air quality. Monitoring the concentration of pollutants aimed at measuring current air quality and impacts on policy execution is an of import facet of an air quality direction system ( Long hurst et al. , 1996 ) four. Enforcement schemes and emanations control tactics should be devised. These tactics should be readily evaluated in order to set up their proficient and economical feasibleness and enforceability. Griffin ( 1994 ) identifies the constituents of an air quality direction program to include: Air pollutant concentration and effects Control schemes and rating Legislation and enforcement Beginnings and emanations Transportation system and transmutation.MATERIALS AND METHODSMEASUREMENT TECHNIQUESAnalytic Method for Determining Carbon Monoxide in Environmental SamplesThe methodological analysis for the research will see the Measurement of C monoxide in the environment utilizing spectroscopic methods that is, Non-dispersive infrared ( NDIR ) spectrometry. For analysis by NDIR spectrometry, air is pumped into samples cells and the soaking up is measured at a C monoxide vibrational set at 2,174 cm-1 ( 4.7 ?m ) . Frequent automatic nothing cheques are compulsory. Zero cheques should be performed with CO free air generated utilizing a trap consisting of Schutze Reagent or hydrophobic baronial metal accelerator ( e.g. Sofnocat ) . Most NDIR CO analysers show zero impetus ( a few to several twelve nmol mol-1 per hr. Thus the appropriate interval for automatic nothing cheques must be evaluated at single sites. The scope for the frequence of machine-controlled zero cheques normally is at least one time per hr for instruments with a big impetus and day-to-day for instruments with a little impetus. Frequent automatic span cheques are besides desirable but are less important compared to zero cheques. The frequence should be between hourly and hebdomadal cheques. An optical filter is employed before the sample to take visible radiation of other frequences. Most NDIR spectrometers use gas filter correlativity ( GFC ) methodological analysis to better sensitiveness and cut down interventions by other gasses. In this method, the sample is at the same time passed through both a mention cell incorporating a high concentration of C monoxide and a sample cell incorporating N gas. Gas species other than C monoxide will rarefy radiation every bit in both cells ; nevertheless, when C monoxide is present, the sum of light go throughing through the mention cell is unchanged, but that go throughing through the sample cell is absorbed at the characteristic C monoxide frequence. This difference in s oaking up between the light passing through the cells is linearly related to carbon monoxide concentrations in the air sample ( EPA 2000 ) . The instrument one-dimensionality is acceptable if the mean response factor of each standardization gas is within 2.5 per centum of the overall mean value and if the comparative criterion divergence for each set of triplicate injections is less than 2 per centum. Record the overall mean of the response factor values as the standardization response factor ( R ) .DATA ANALYSISThe information collected will be analysed utilizing Calculations and Data Analysis. Carry out computations retaining at least one excess important figure beyond that of the acquired informations. Round off consequences merely after the concluding computation.I. Calculations and Data AnalysisBy replacing CO for NOx as applicable. Concentration Correction for CO2 Removal. Correct the CO concentration for CO2 remotion ( if applicable ) utilizing Eq. 10-1. CAvg = CCOstack ( 1 ? FCO ) 2 Where: CAvg = Average gas concentration for the trial tally, ppm. CCO stack = Average unadjusted stack gas CO concentration indicated by the informations recording equipment for the trial tally, ppmv. FCO2 = Volume fraction of CO2 in the sample, i.e. , per centum CO2 from Or sat analysis divided by 100.SUMMARY/RECOMMENDATIONAn extended, although non conclusive, literature reappraisal has been carried out, from which a general overview of C monoxide direction state of affairs of the Nigeria has been identified. From the literature reappraisal, it can be deduced that there is the demand for the development of air quality direction plan/system. This will guarantee that high quality information on the extent and impact of air pollution by C monoxide can be used as the footing for statute law to restrict the pollution, and develop a mechanism that will heighten uninterrupted monitoring of air quality in Nigeria.DecisionIn position of this and the findings from the literature reappraisal, the purposes and aims of this research are established and a methodological analysis proposed.

Arctic Architecture - Paleo-Eskimo and Neo-Eskimo Houses

Advantages and Disadvantages of Capitalism and Socialism Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Every economic system has its strengths and weaknesses and capitalism is not an exception. Some of the pros of capitalism include economic freedom that spills over to become political freedom when the means of production and price determination is in the government's hand, it gives the government a lot of power that leads to the bureaucracy that may be evident in other parts of life as well. Capitalism experiences efficiency as firms is motivated to be efficient in producing goods according to demand. Such incentives encourage cost-cutting and reduced wastage (Pettinger par. State firms have a tendency of being inefficient as they lack the motivation, for instance, to reduce the surplus work force and venture into innovative methods of production. As individuals and companies encounter motivation to work hard, this leads to innovation and expansion of the economy, consequently this aids in the increased actual growth of the GDP and improved standards of living. As wealth increases t he standards of living also improve, theoretically, everybody seems to benefit from the wealth increase base on the trickle-down effect, from the have to the have not (Pettinger par. The flip side of capitalism is equally worth considering, with the most outstanding one being monopoly power. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and Disadvantages of Capitalism and Socialism or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Privately owned companies tend to gain the power to monopolize labor and product markets. This might lead to these firms misusing these powers to charge higher prices at will. With these powers firms can opt to pay low wages to the workforce and as commonly seen, there always seems to be great imparity between those who own capital and those working for these firms. The capital base economy tends to ignore social benefits. Negative factors such as pollution are likely to be ignored by privately owned firms hence undermining living standards. On the other hand, they can ignore positive factors such as health when producing their goods, education and public transportation, and this is likely to lead to resource allocation that is not efficient.